...
Monday, 3 March 2014
Giardiasis
Infectious agent:
Giardia lamblia is a flagellate protozoan which lives in the
duodenum and jejunum.
Identification:
Clinical features :
Giardia infection is usually asymptomatic but may
present as acute or chronic diarrhoea associated with abdominal cramps,
bloating, nausea, vomiting, fever, fatigue and weight loss. Fat malabsorption
may lead to steatorrhoea. Symptoms usually last one to two weeks or months. The
rate of asymptomatic carriage may be high.
Method of diagnosis:
Stool microscopy for cysts or trophozoites can be used for
diagnosis...
Food or water-borne Illness
Infectious agent:
The most frequent causes of food or water-borne illnesses are
various bacteria, viruses and parasites. Refer to specific sections for detail
on the more common agents. Non-infective agents:
• heavy metal poisoning, including, cadmium, copper, lead, tin
and zinc
• fish toxins that are present in some shellfish or fish like
paralytic shellfish poisoning or ciguatera
• plant toxins which occur naturally in some foods such as toxic
fungi and green potato skins
• toxic cyanobacteria (blue green algae) overgrowth in water. Bacteria:
•...
Sunday, 2 March 2014
Erythema infection (human parvovirus infection or slapped cheek disease)
Infectious agent:
The causative agent is human parvovirus B19.
Identification:
Clinical features :
Asymptomatic infection with human parvovirus B19 is common. In
children it causes a mild illness with
little or no fever but a striking redness of the cheeks, hence
the alternative name of ‘slapped cheek disease’. There may also be a lacy pink
rash on the trunk and limbs that fades within a week, but which
may recur over several weeks on exposure to heat or sunlight.
Headache, itch or common cold-type symptoms may also occur. In adults the...
Donovanosis
Infectious agent:
Calymmatobacterium granulomatis, a gram-negative bacillus, the causative agents
is now named Klebsiella granulomatis.
Identification:
Clinical features :
Donovanosis is a chronic, progressively destructive infection
which affects the skin and mucous membranes of the external genitalia, inguinal
and anal regions. Disseminated disease is uncommon but may be life threatening and
so should be considered in patients from endemic areas. It presents initially as
raised, ‘beefy’ nodules or sores. Lesions may extend peripherally...
Diphtheria
Infectious agent:
Corynebacterium diphtheriae of the gravis, mitis or intermedius biotypes
is an aerobic gram-positive bacillus. Toxin production results when the
bacteria are infected by a bacteriophage containing
the diphtheria toxin gene tox.
Identification:
Clinical features :
Diphtheria is an acute bacterial infection caused by toxigenic
strains of Corynebacterium
diphtheriae. It primarily affects
the tonsils, pharynx, nose and larynx. Other mucous membranes, skin, and rarely
the vagina or conjunctivae can also be involved. The toxin...
Dengue virus disease
Dengue (pronounced DENgee) fever is a painful,
debilitating mosquito-borne disease caused by any one of four closely related
dengue viruses. These viruses are related to the viruses that cause West Nile infection and yellow
fever.
Infectious agent:
Dengue virus (DENV) has four related but distinct serotypes: 1,
2, 3 and 4. Dengue virus has been recognised since the latter part of the 18th
century as causing epidemics in tropical and subtropical parts throughout the
world. Dengue was first recognised in Townsville late in the...
Cytomegalovirus infection
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a virus found around the world. It is
related to the viruses that cause chickenpox and infectious mononucleosis
(mono). Between 50 percent and 80 percent of adults in the United States have
had a CMV infection by age 40. Once CMV is in a person's body, it stays there
for life. CMV is spread through close contact with body fluids. Most people
with CMV don't get sick and don't know that they've been infected. But
infection with the virus can be serious in babies and people with weak immune
systems. If a woman gets CMV when...
Cryptosporidiosis
Cryptosporidiosis (crypto) is an illness caused by a parasite.
The parasite lives in soil, food and water. It may also be on surfaces that
have been contaminated with waste. You can become infected if you swallow the
parasite.The most common symptom of crypto is watery diarrhea. Other symptoms
include
Dehydration
Weight
loss
Stomach
cramps or pain
Fever
Nausea
Vomiting
Most
people with crypto get better with no treatment, but crypto can cause serious
problems in people with weak immune systems such as in people with HIV/AIDS.
To...
Cryptococcal infection(cryptococcosis)
Cryptococcus is a
type of fungus that is found in the soil worldwide, usually in
association with bird droppings. The major species of Cryptococcus that
causes illness in human is Cryptococcus neoformans. Another
less common species that can also cause disease in humans, Cryptococcus gattii, has been
isolated from eucalyptus trees in tropical and sub-tropical regions
Infectious agent:
Cryptococcus neoformans, an encapsulated yeast-like fungus. There
are two principal variants:C. neoformans var. neoformans (serotypes...
Croup or bronchiolitis and its treatment
Croup:
Croup, or acute
laryngotracheobronchitis, is the most common infectious cause of sudden upper
airway obstruction in children and of stridor in febrile children. Croup accounts for more than 15% of
pediatric respiratory illnesses.Children aged 6 months to 6 years--especially
boys--are affected most often: the peak incidence occurs during the second year
of life. About 2% of all preschoolers have croup every year, and recurrence is
common. Croup can develop at any time of the year, although it classically
presents in late autumn and...
Saturday, 1 March 2014
What is Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) , how can u diagnose and treat it
Introduction:
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a rare,
degenerative, invariably fatal brain disorder. It affects about one person in
every one million people per year worldwide; in the United States there are
about 300 cases per year. CJD usually appears in later life and runs a rapid
course. Typically, onset of symptoms occurs about age 60, and about 90 percent
of individuals die within 1 year. In the early stages of disease, people may
have failing memory, behavioral changes, lack of coordination and visual
disturbances. As the illness progresses,...
Wednesday, 26 February 2014
List of Infectious Diseases
A-Z List of Infectious Diseases
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Here is a complete A-Z list if infectious diseases.For complete detail click on the disease title and read about disease that what is it and its systoms ,who to diagnose and treat it.
Cholera
Chlamydophila Pneumoniae
Chlamydia (Genital infection)
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)
Croup or bronchiolitis
Cryptococcal infection
Cryptosporidiosis
Cytomegalovirus infection
...
Sunday, 23 February 2014
Daily Science
What is Procedural memory and how can it helps to performs different tasks ??
Procedural memory :
As the name indicated procedural memory stores the procedures of
daily routine wise works which we done
Or
Procedural memory also responsible for knowing how to do things e.g
How to ride a bike
How to swim
How to write
Basically it’s a part of long term memory and remember the ways how
to do or perform different tasks ...
Monday, 27 January 2014
Cholera and its treatment
Definition:
Cholera is an
acute intestinal infection caused by ingestion of food
or water contaminated with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It
has a short incubation period, from less than one day to five days, and produces
an enterotoxin that causes a copious, painless, watery diarrhoea that can
quickly lead to severe dehydration and death if treatment is not promptly
given. Vomiting also occurs in most patients.
Infectious agent
Vibrio cholerae serogroups O1 or O139 cause cholera.
Identification
Clinical features
Asymptomatic...
Sunday, 26 January 2014
Chlamydophila pneumoniae
Infectious agent
The infectious agent is Chlamydophila pneumoniae, an obligate intracellular bacterium (previously
named Chlamydia pneumoniae).
Identification
Clinical features
Chlamydophila pneumoniae infection is often mild. The initial
infection appears to be the most severe with reinfection often asymptomatic. A
spectrum of illness from pharyngitis and sinusitis to pneumonia and bronchitis
may occur. Sometimes there is a biphasic illness
with initial upper respiratory
tract infection symptoms which
resolve and then a dry cough and low...
Chlamydia (genital infection)
Infectious agent
Chlamydia trachomatis serogroups D–K cause disease.
Identification
Clinical features
Most women with urethral or endocervical chlamydial infection
are asymptomatic. Clinical manifestations may include vaginal discharge,
dysuria and post-coital or intermenstrual bleeding. Less frequent
manifestations include urethral syndrome (dysuria and pyuria), bartholinitis,
perihepatitis and proctitis.
Complications and sequelae may result in chronic pelvic pain,
infertility and ectopic pregnancy. Infections during pregnancy...
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